Role of Filler Shape and Connectivity on the Viscoelastic Behavior in Polymer Nanocomposites
Dan Zhao, Shufan Ge, Erkan Senses, Pinar Akcora, Jacques Jestin, and Sanat K. Kumar
We compare the rheological behavior of three classes of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) to understand the role of particle shape and interactions on mechanical reinforcement. The first two correspond to favorably interacting composites formed by mixing poly(2-vinylpyridine) with either fumed silica nanoparticles (NPs) or colloidal spherical silica NPs. We show that fumed silica NPs readily form a percolated network at low NP volume fractions. We deduce that the NPs act as network junctions with the effectively irreversibly bound polymer chains serving as the connecting bridges. By comparing with colloidal spherical silica, which has a significantly higher percolation threshold, we conclude that the fractal shape of the fumed silica is responsible for its unusually low percolation threshold. The third system corresponds to polystyrene grafted colloidal silica nanoparticles (PGNPs) in a polystyrene matrix. These PNCs have an even lower percolation threshold probably because the grafted chains increase the effective volume fraction of the NPs. When we take these different thickness of the polymer layers in the two cases into account (i.e., grafted layer vs adsorbed layer thickness), the percolation threshold for the fumed and the grafted system occurs at similar effective loadings, but the NP network with fumed silica has a higher low-frequency plateau modulus than that formed with the PGNPs. These findings can be reconciled by the fact that the fumed silica NPs are composed of fused entities, thus ensuring that they have a higher modulus than the PGNPs where the modulus is largely attributed to interactions between the grafts. Our results systematically stress the important role of the nanofiller shape and connectivity on the mechanical reinforcement of PNCs.
